R : Data.Table Tutorial (with 50 Examples)

The data.table R package is considered as the fastest package for data manipulation. This tutorial includes various examples and practice questions to make you familiar with the package. Analysts generally call R programming not compatible with big datasets ( > 10 GB) as it is not memory efficient and loads everything into RAM. To change their perception, 'data.table' package comes into play. This package was designed to be concise and painless. There are many benchmarks done in the past to compare dplyr vs data.table. In every benchmark, data.table wins. The efficiency of this package was also compared with python' package (panda). And data.table wins. In CRAN, there are more than 200 packages that are dependent on data.table which makes it listed in the top 5 R's package.

data.table Tutorial

data.table Syntax

The syntax of data.table is shown in the image below :

data.table Syntax

DT[ i , j , by]

1. The first parameter of data.table i refers to rows. It implies subsetting rows. It is equivalent to WHERE clause in SQL
2. The second parameter of data.table j refers to columns. It implies subsetting columns (dropping / keeping). It is equivalent to SELECT clause in SQL.
3. The third parameter of data.table by refers to adding a group so that all calculations would be done within a group. Equivalent to SQL's GROUP BY clause.

The data.table syntax is NOT RESTRICTED to only 3 parameters. There are other arguments that can be added to data.table syntax. The list is as follows -

1. with, which
2. allow.cartesian
3. roll, rollends
4. .SD, .SDcols
5. on, mult, nomatch

The above arguments would be explained in the latter part of the post.

How to Install and load data.table Package

install.packages("data.table") 

#load required library
library(data.table)

Read Data

In data.table package, fread() function is available to read or get data from your computer or from a web page. It is equivalent to read.csv() function of base R.

mydata = fread("https://github.com/arunsrinivasan/satrdays-workshop/raw/master/flights_2014.csv")

Describe Data

This dataset contains 253K observations and 17 columns. It constitutes information about flights' arrival or departure time, delays, flight cancellation and destination in year 2014.

nrow(mydata)
[1] 253316

ncol(mydata)
[1] 17

names(mydata)
 [1] "year"      "month"     "day"       "dep_time"  "dep_delay" "arr_time"  "arr_delay"
 [8] "cancelled" "carrier"   "tailnum"   "flight"    "origin"    "dest"      "air_time"
[15] "distance"  "hour"      "min"      

head(mydata)
   year month day dep_time dep_delay arr_time arr_delay cancelled carrier tailnum flight
1: 2014     1   1      914        14     1238        13         0      AA  N338AA      1
2: 2014     1   1     1157        -3     1523        13         0      AA  N335AA      3
3: 2014     1   1     1902         2     2224         9         0      AA  N327AA     21
4: 2014     1   1      722        -8     1014       -26         0      AA  N3EHAA     29
5: 2014     1   1     1347         2     1706         1         0      AA  N319AA    117
6: 2014     1   1     1824         4     2145         0         0      AA  N3DEAA    119
   origin dest air_time distance hour min
1:    JFK  LAX      359     2475    9  14
2:    JFK  LAX      363     2475   11  57
3:    JFK  LAX      351     2475   19   2
4:    LGA  PBI      157     1035    7  22
5:    JFK  LAX      350     2475   13  47
6:    EWR  LAX      339     2454   18  24

Selecting or Keeping Columns

Suppose you need to select only 'origin' column. You can use the code below -

dat1 = mydata[ , origin] # returns a vector

The above line of code returns a vector not data.table.

To get result in data.table format, run the code below :

dat1 = mydata[ , .(origin)] # returns a data.table

It can also be written like data.frame way

dat1 = mydata[, c("origin"), with=FALSE]

Keeping a column based on column position

dat2 =mydata[, 2, with=FALSE]

In this code, we are selecting second column from mydata.

Keeping Multiple Columns

The following code tells R to select 'origin', 'year', 'month', 'hour' columns.

dat3 = mydata[, .(origin, year, month, hour)]

Keeping multiple columns based on column position

You can keep second through fourth columns using the code below -

dat4 = mydata[, c(2:4), with=FALSE]

Dropping a Column

Suppose you want to include all the variables except one column, say. 'origin'. It can be easily done by adding ! sign (implies negation in R)

dat5 = mydata[, !c("origin"), with=FALSE]

Dropping Multiple Columns

dat6 = mydata[, !c("origin", "year", "month"), with=FALSE]

Keeping variables that contain 'dep'

You can use %like% operator to find pattern. It is same as base R's grepl() function, SQL's LIKE operator and SAS's CONTAINS function.

dat7 = mydata[,names(mydata) %like% "dep", with=FALSE]

Rename Variables

You can rename variables with setnames() function. In the following code, we are renaming a variable 'dest' to 'destination'.

setnames(mydata, c("dest"), c("Destination"))

To rename multiple variables, you can simply add variables in both the sides.

setnames(mydata, c("dest","origin"), c("Destination", "origin.of.flight"))

Subsetting Rows / Filtering

Suppose you are asked to find all the flights whose origin is 'JFK'.

# Filter based on one variable
dat8 = mydata[origin == "JFK"]

Select Multiple Values

Filter all the flights whose origin is either 'JFK' or 'LGA'

dat9 = mydata[origin %in% c("JFK", "LGA")]

Apply Logical Operator : NOT

The following program selects all the flights whose origin is not equal to 'JFK' and 'LGA'

# Exclude Values
dat10 = mydata[!origin %in% c("JFK", "LGA")]

Filter based on Multiple variables

If you need to select all the flights whose origin is equal to 'JFK' and carrier = 'AA'

dat11 = mydata[origin == "JFK" & carrier == "AA"]

Faster Data Manipulation with Indexing

data.table uses binary search algorithm that makes data manipulation faster.

Binary Search Algorithm

Binary search is an efficient algorithm for finding a value from a sorted list of values. It involves repeatedly splitting in half the portion of the list that contains values, until you found the value that you were searching for.

Suppose you have the following values in a variable :

5, 10, 7, 20, 3, 13, 26

You are searching the value 20 in the above list. See how binary search algorithm works -

1. First, we sort the values 
2. We would calculate the middle value i.e. 10.
3. We would check whether 20 = 10? No. 20 < 10.
4. Since 20 is greater than 10, it should be somewhere after 10. So we can ignore all the values that are lower than or equal to 10.
5. We are left with 13, 20, 26. The middle value is 20. 
6. We would again check whether 20=20. Yes. the match found.

If we do not use this algorithm, we would have to search 5 in the whole list of seven values.

It is important to set key in your dataset which tells system that data is sorted by the key column. For example, you have employee’s name, address, salary, designation, department, employee ID. We can use 'employee ID' as a key to search a particular employee.

Set Key

In this case, we are setting 'origin' as a key in the dataset mydata.

# Indexing (Set Keys)
setkey(mydata, origin)

Note : It makes the data table sorted by the column 'origin'.

How to filter when key is turned on.

You don't need to refer the key column when you apply filter.

data12 = mydata[c("JFK", "LGA")]

Performance Comparison

You can compare performance of the filtering process (With or Without KEY).

system.time(mydata[origin %in% c("JFK", "LGA")])
system.time(mydata[c("JFK", "LGA")])

Performance - With or without KEY

If you look at the real time in the image above, setting key makes filtering twice as faster than without using keys.

Indexing Multiple Columns

We can also set keys to multiple columns like we did below to columns 'origin' and 'dest'. See the example below.

setkey(mydata, origin, dest)

Filtering while setting keys on Multiple Columns

# First key column 'origin' matches “JFK” and second key column 'dest' matches “MIA”
mydata[.("JFK", "MIA")]

It is equivalent to the following code :

mydata[origin == "JFK" & dest == "MIA"]

To identify the column(s) indexed by

key(mydata)

Result : It returns origin and dest as these are columns that are set keys.

Sorting Data

We can sort data using setorder() function, By default, it sorts data on ascending order.

mydata01 = setorder(mydata, origin)

Sorting Data on descending order

In this case, we are sorting data by 'origin' variable on descending order.

mydata02 = setorder(mydata, -origin)

Sorting Data based on multiple variables

In this example, we tells R to reorder data first by origin on ascending order and then variable 'carrier'on descending order.

mydata03 = setorder(mydata, origin, -carrier)

Adding Columns (Calculation on rows)

You can do any operation on rows by adding := operator. In this example, we are subtracting 'dep_delay' variable from 'dep_time' variable to compute scheduled departure time.

mydata[, dep_sch:=dep_time - dep_delay]

Adding Multiple Columns

mydata[, c("dep_sch","arr_sch"):=list(dep_time - dep_delay, arr_time - arr_delay)]

If you don't want to make changes (addition of columns) in the original data, you can make a copy of it.

mydata_C <- copy(mydata)
mydata_C[, c("dep_sch","arr_sch"):=list(dep_time - dep_delay, arr_time - arr_delay)]

IF THEN ELSE

The 'IF THEN ELSE' conditions are very popular for recoding values. In data.table package, it can be done with the following methods :

Method I :    mydata[, flag:= 1*(min < 50)]
Method II :   mydata[, flag:= ifelse(min < 50, 1,0)]

It means to set flag= 1 if min is less than 50. Otherwise, set flag =0.

How to write Sub Queries (like SQL)

We can use this format - DT[ ] [ ] [ ] to build a chain in data.table. It is like sub-queries like SQL.

mydata[, dep_sch:=dep_time - dep_delay][,.(dep_time,dep_delay,dep_sch)]

First, we are computing scheduled departure time and then selecting only relevant columns.


Summarize or Aggregate Columns

Like SAS PROC MEANS procedure, we can generate summary statistics of specific variables. In this case, we are calculating mean, median, minimum and maximum value of variable arr_delay.

mydata[, .(mean = mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
median = median(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
min = min(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE),
max = max(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE))]

Summarize with data.table package

Summarize Multiple Columns

To summarize multiple variables, we can simply write all the summary statistics function in a bracket. See the command below-

mydata[, .(mean(arr_delay), mean(dep_delay))]

If you need to calculate summary statistics for a larger list of variables, you can use .SD and .SDcols operators. The .SD operator implies 'Subset of Data'. 

mydata[, lapply(.SD, mean), .SDcols = c("arr_delay", "dep_delay")]

In this case, we are calculating mean of two variables - arr_delay and dep_delay.

Summarize all numeric Columns

By default, .SD takes all continuous variables (excluding grouping variables)

mydata[, lapply(.SD, mean)]

Summarize with multiple statistics

mydata[, sapply(.SD, function(x) c(mean=mean(x), median=median(x)))]

GROUP BY (Within Group Calculation)

Summarize by group 'origin

mydata[, .(mean_arr_delay = mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE)), by = origin]

Summary by group

Use key column in a by operation

Instead of 'by', you can use keyby= operator.

mydata[, .(mean_arr_delay = mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE)), keyby = origin]

Summarize multiple variables by group 'origin'

mydata[, .(mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE), mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE)), by = origin]

 Or it can be written like below -

mydata[, lapply(.SD, mean, na.rm = TRUE), .SDcols = c("arr_delay", "dep_delay"), by = origin]

Remove Duplicates

You can remove non-unique / duplicate cases with unique() function. Suppose you want to eliminate duplicates based on a variable, say. carrier.

setkey(mydata, "carrier")
unique(mydata)

Suppose you want to remove duplicated based on all the variables. You can use the command below -

setkey(mydata, NULL)
unique(mydata)

Note : Setting key to NULL is not required if no key is already set.

Extract values within a group

The following command selects first and second values from a categorical variable carrier.

mydata[, .SD[1:2], by=carrier]

Select LAST value from a group

mydata[, .SD[.N], by=carrier]

SQL's RANK OVER PARTITION

In SQL, Window functions are very useful for solving complex data problems. RANK OVER PARTITION is the most popular window function. It can be easily translated in data.table with the help of frank() function. frank() is similar to base R's rank() function but much faster. See the code below.

dt = mydata[, rank:=frank(-distance,ties.method = "min"), by=carrier]

In this case, we are calculating rank of variable 'distance' by 'carrier'. We are assigning rank 1 to the highest value of 'distance' within unique values of 'carrier'.

Cumulative SUM by GROUP

We can calculate cumulative sum by using cumsum() function.

dat = mydata[, cum:=cumsum(distance), by=carrier]

Lag and Lead

The lag and lead of a variable can be calculated with shift() function. The syntax of shift() function is as follows - shift(variable_name, number_of_lags, type=c("lag", "lead"))

DT <- data.table(A=1:5)
DT[ , X := shift(A, 1, type="lag")]
DT[ , Y := shift(A, 1, type="lead")]

Lag and Lead Function

Between and LIKE Operator

We can use %between% operator to define a range. It is inclusive of the values of both the ends.

DT = data.table(x=6:10)
DT[x %between% c(7,9)]

The %like% is mainly used to find all the values that matches a pattern.

DT = data.table(Name=c("dep_time","dep_delay","arrival"), ID=c(2,3,4))
DT[Name %like% "dep"] 

Merging / Joins

The merging in data.table is very similar to base R merge() function. The only difference is data.table by default takes common key variable as a primary key to merge two datasets. Whereas, data.frame takes common variable name as a primary key to merge the datasets.

Sample Data

(dt1 <- data.table(A = letters[rep(1:3, 2)], X = 1:6, key = "A"))
(dt2 <- data.table(A = letters[rep(2:4, 2)], Y = 6:1, key = "A"))

Inner Join

It returns all the matching observations in both the datasets.

merge(dt1, dt2, by="A")

Left Join

It returns all observations from the left dataset and the matched observations from the right dataset.

merge(dt1, dt2, by="A", all.x = TRUE)

Right Join

It returns all observations from the right dataset and the matched observations from the left dataset.

merge(dt1, dt2, by="A", all.y = TRUE)

Full Join

It return all rows when there is a match in one of the datasets.

merge(dt1, dt2, all=TRUE)

Convert a data.table to data.frame

You can use setDF() function to accomplish this task.

setDF(mydata)

Similarly, you can use setDT() function to convert data frame to data table.

set.seed(123)
X = data.frame(A=sample(3, 10, TRUE),
               B=sample(letters[1:3], 10, TRUE)

setDT(X, key = "A")

Other Useful Functions

Reshape Data

It includes several useful functions which makes data cleaning easy and smooth. To reshape or transpose data, you can use dcast.data.table() and melt.data.table() functions. These functions are sourced from reshape2 package and make them efficient. It also add some new features in these functions.

Rolling Joins

It supports rolling joins. They are commonly used for analyzing time series data. A very R packages supports these kind of joins.

Examples for Practise

Q1. Calculate total number of rows by month and then sort on descending order

mydata[, .N, by = month] [order(-N)]

The .N operator is used to find count.

Q2. Find top 3 months with high mean arrival delay

mydata[, .(mean_arr_delay = mean(arr_delay, na.rm = TRUE)), by = month][order(-mean_arr_delay)][1:3]

Q3. Find origin of flights having average total delay is greater than 20 minutes

mydata[, lapply(.SD, mean, na.rm = TRUE), .SDcols = c("arr_delay", "dep_delay"), by = origin][(arr_delay + dep_delay) > 20]

Q4.  Extract average of arrival and departure delays for carrier == 'DL' by 'origin' and 'dest' variables

mydata[carrier == "DL",
        lapply(.SD, mean, na.rm = TRUE),
        by = .(origin, dest),
        .SDcols = c("arr_delay", "dep_delay")]

Q5. Pull first value of 'air_time' by 'origin' and then sum the returned values when it is greater than 300

mydata[, .SD[1], .SDcols="air_time", by=origin][air_time > 300, sum(air_time)]

Endnotes

This package provides a one-stop solution for data wrangling in R. It offers two main benefits - less coding and lower computing time. However, it's not a first choice of some of R programmers. Some prefer dplyr package for its simplicity. I would recommend learn both the packages. Check out dplyr tutorial. If you are working on data having size less than 1 GB, you can use dplyr package. It offers decent speed but slower than data.table package.

R Tutorials : 75 Free R Tutorials

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Deepanshu founded ListenData with a simple objective - Make analytics easy to understand and follow. He has over 10 years of experience in data science. During his tenure, he has worked with global clients in various domains like Banking, Insurance, Private Equity, Telecom and Human Resource.

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