SAS : First. and Last. Variables

Deepanshu Bhalla 66 Comments

This tutorial explains how to identify the first and last observations within a group using the first. and last. variables in SAS. It is a common data cleaning step to remove duplicates or store unique values. This method is an alternative to SQL window functions such as rank over() that generate serial numbers among a group of rows.

First. and Last. Variables

FIRST.VARIABLE assigns the value of 1 for the first observation in a BY group and the value of 0 for all other observations in the BY group.

LAST.VARIABLE assigns the value of 1 for the last observation in a BY group and the value of 0 for all other observations in the BY group.

Note : Data set must be sorted BY group before applying FIRST. and LAST. Variables.

Create Sample Dataset

Suppose you have a dataset consisting 3 variables and 12 observations. The variables are ID, Name and Score. The variable ID is a grouping variable and it contains duplicates.

The following program creates a sample dataset in SAS to explain examples in this tutorial.

data readin;
input ID Name $ Score;
cards;
1     David   45
1     David   74
2     Sam     45
2     Ram     54
3     Bane    87
3     Mary    92
3     Bane    87
4     Dane    23
5     Jenny   87
5     Ken     87
6     Simran  63
8     Priya   72
;
run;

Use PROC SORT to sort the data set by ID. It is required to sort the data before using first. and last. variables.

PROC SORT DATA = READIN;
BY ID;
RUN;

DATA READIN1;
SET READIN;
BY ID;
First_ID= First.ID;
Last_ID= Last.ID;
RUN;

Note : FIRST. and LAST. variables are temporary variables. That means they are not visible in the newly created data set. To make them visible, we need to create two new variables. In the program above, I have created First_ID and Last_ID variables.

SAS : First. vs Last. Variables
How it works
  1. FIRST.variable = 1 when an observation is the first observation in each group values of variable ID.
  2. FIRST.variable = 0 when an observation is not the first observation in each group values of variable ID.
  3. LAST.variable = 1 when an observation is the last observation in each group values of variable ID.
  4. LAST.variable = 0 when an observation is not the last observation in each group values of variable ID.
When FIRST.variable = 1 and LAST.VARIABLE = 1, it means there is only a single value in the group. (See ID = 4 in the above data for reference)
Selecting First Observation within a Group

Suppose you need to select only the first observation among a group of observations. It is very easy to do it with IF statement. The IF statement subsets data when IF is not used in conjunction with THEN or ELSE statements.

PROC SORT DATA = READIN;
BY ID;
RUN; 
DATA READIN1;
SET READIN;
BY ID;
IF FIRST.ID;
PROC PRINT;
RUN;
Output : First. Variable

Note : It returns first observation among values of a group (total 7 observations).

Selecting Last Observation within a Group

Suppose you are asked to include only last observation from a group. Like the previous example, we can use last. variable to subset data.

PROC SORT DATA = READIN;
BY ID;
RUN; 
DATA READIN1;
SET READIN;
BY ID;
IF LAST.ID;
PROC PRINT;
RUN;
SAS : Last. Variable
Can we use WHERE instead of IF with First. and Last. Variables?
No. WHERE statement cannot be used with First. and Last. Variables. It is because WHERE statement requires variables already be created in the dataset before processing.
How to generate serial number in a group?

Suppose you need to create serial numbers among a group of observations. See the snapshot below -

Generate Serial Number in a Group
Data temp;
set readin;
by ID;
if first.id then N = 1;
else N +1;
proc print;
run;

In the above program, we are setting N=1 when it is the first value of a group i.e. ID. Otherwise adding 1 to N. The N+1 implies N = N + 1 in BY group processing. When there is a second observation in a group, N+1 adds 1 to N=1 so N becomes 2. It further increments by 1 when there is third observation in the group and so on.

Calculate Cumulative Score by Group

Suppose you need to calculate running cumulative score by variable ID.

SAS : Cumulative Score by Group
Data temp;
set readin;
by ID;
if first.id then CumScore = Score;
else CumScore + Score;
proc print;
run;

In the above program, we are setting Cumscore = Score when it is the first value of a group i.e. ID. Otherwise adding Score to Cumscore. The Cumscore + Score implies CumScore = CumScore + Score in BY group processing.

How to Store Unique and Duplicate Values
data unique duplicates;
set readin;
by id;
if first.id = 1 and last.id = 1 then output unique;
else output duplicates;
run;
  • The DATA statement creates two temporary SAS data sets: DUPLICATES AND UNIQUE.
  • The SET statement reads observations from data set READIN.
  • The BY statement tells SAS to process observations by ID. Variables FIRST.ID and LAST.ID are created.
  • If the first and last observation have the same value, it implies it is a unique value; otherwise, the value is a duplicate.
Practical Examples

1. Identify and select only records having maximum Score among a group of observations of variable ID

2. Select unique observations plus second observation from duplicate observations of variable ID

Solution 1

First we need to build a logic how we can select records having max score within variable ID. We can do it via PROC SORT. In this case, we need to sort data by 2 variables - first sorting on variable ID and then next sorting on Score by descending order. The DESCENDING keyword is used in PROC SORT to arrange data from largest to smallest. Sorting on descending order is used to place the max value at first observation in each group of ID.

proc sort data= readin;
by ID descending score;
run;

data readin1;
set readin;
by ID;
if first.id;
run;

After sorting, we retain records having maximum value by using FIRST. and IF statement. The IF FIRST.ID keeps the first record among a group of values of variable ID. The output is shown in the image below.

Example: First. and Last. Variables

Solve second example yourself and post your answer in the comment box below. Make sure it should be solved in one data step code. Hint : BOTH FIRST. and LAST. variables would be used.

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About Author:
Deepanshu Bhalla

Deepanshu founded ListenData with a simple objective - Make analytics easy to understand and follow. He has over 10 years of experience in data science. During his tenure, he worked with global clients in various domains like Banking, Insurance, Private Equity, Telecom and HR.

Post Comment 66 Responses to "SAS : First. and Last. Variables"
  1. nice explaination

    ReplyDelete
  2. good explanation and good examples

    ReplyDelete
  3. data test8;
    set readin;
    by ID;
    if first.ID =1 and last.ID = 1 then output test8;
    else if mod(_n_,2) = 0 then output test8;
    run;
    proc print; run;

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. data uniq_or_Dup2;
      set readlin;
      if (first.Id=1 and last.id=1) or (lag1(first.id)=1 and first.id=0) then output uniq_or_Dup2;
      proc print
      run;

      Delete
    2. proc sort data =readin out=test;
      by id Score;
      run;

      data test1 ;
      set test;
      by id ;
      if first.id then N=1;
      else N+1;
      if first.ID=1 and last.id=1 or N=2;
      drop N;
      run;

      Delete
    3. data test1;
      set readin;
      by id;
      if last.id=1 ;
      run;

      Delete
  4. proc sort data=data;
    by ID;
    run;

    data data1;
    set data;
    by ID;
    if first.ID=1 then serial=1;
    else serial+1;
    run;

    data data2;
    set data1;
    by id;
    if first.ID=1 and last.ID=1 or serial=2;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  5. if we have four duplicates how can we get second one ?

    ReplyDelete
  6. data test8;
    set readin;
    by ID;
    if first.ID =1 and last.ID = 1 then output test8;
    if first.id and last.id=0 then N=1;
    else N+1;
    if N=2 then output test8;
    drop N;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  7. data nk;
    set readin;
    by id;
    if first.id then N=1;
    else N+1;
    if N=2 then output;
    if first.id and last.id then output;
    drop N;
    proc print;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  8. data new2;
    set readin1;
    retain cnt;
    if first_id=1 then cnt=1;
    else cnt+1;
    if cnt le 2;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. this is the best logic ,i guess. you forgot to add by statement. i am just starter and took time to findout that ...

      Delete
    2. rajeshmanepalli987@gmail.com,if you are comfortable and ready to help, I have some doubts adn will drop a mail to you.If you are intersted ,no problem. thanks.

      Delete
  9. data ad;
    set abcd_s;
    by x;
    if first.x and last.x then output;
    if first.x then n=1;
    else n+1;
    if n=2 then output;
    drop n;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  10. Data Readin2;
    set readin;
    by id;
    if first.id then n =1;
    Else n+1;
    if first.id = 1 and last.id= 1 or n = 2;
    drop n
    Run;

    ReplyDelete
  11. Its very helpful, I have come across many questions in my interviews

    ReplyDelete
  12. data gaurav;
    set readin;
    by id;
    if first.id then N=1;
    else N+1;
    if (first.id=1 and last.id=1) then output;/* unique observation*/
    if N=2 then output;/* second observation from duplicate*/
    run;
    proc print;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  13. If we have 4 or more than 4 duplicate ids then what would be the logic to find out 2nd observation?
    Thanks!

    ReplyDelete
  14. if i want to calculate average per person then how to calculate??

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. proc sort data= readin;
      by ID Score;
      run;

      data temp;
      set readin;
      by ID;
      if first.ID then
      do;
      N=1;
      cumScore = Score;
      avgScore = Score;
      end;
      else
      do;
      N+1;
      cumScore + Score;
      avgScore = cumScore/N;
      end;
      if last.ID = 1;

      run;

      Delete
    2. data avg;
      set score;
      by ID;
      IF first.ID then COUNT=1 ELSE COUNT = COUNT+1;
      IF first.ID then SUM = MARKS ELSE SUM = SUM+MARKS;
      IF LAST.ID then AVG = SUM/COUNT;
      RUN;

      Delete
  15. Doesn't generating serial numbers as well as cumulative rank require the newly created variables - N and Cum Score to be retained. Else, SAS will not be able to store their values jumping from one obs to the next ?

    ReplyDelete
  16. Below code is working for case study 2. Let me know if anybody still facing any problem in solving or understanding this question.


    proc sort data=READIN;
    BY ID Descending score;
    run;

    DATA READIN2;
    SET READIN;
    BY ID ;
    First_ID= First.ID;
    Last_ID= Last.ID;
    IF first.id then N=1;
    ELSE N+1;
    if (FIRST_ID=1 and LAST_ID=1) or N=2 then output READIN2 ;
    drop First_ID Last_ID N;
    proc print;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  17. How can we use ELSE N+1 in data step with using retain? Data step works obs by obs din't N loses its previous value in every next iteration?
    I know, I am missing something, but what?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Retain can be used in two ways:
      1. Implicitly : We can use retain implicitly by using +1 notation. If we use retain implicitly then we don't need to write retain statement. just like above code.
      Another example :
      data a;
      set xyz;
      by id;
      if first.id then x=1;
      else x+1 : /which means x=x+1 but we are using retain implicitly so no need to mention x= here;
      run;

      2. Explicitly

      Using the same example where we are using retain explicitly so need to mention retain statement.
      data a;
      set xyz;
      by id;
      retain x;
      if first.id then x=1;
      else x=x+1 : /here we are using x= so need to mention retain statement;
      run;

      Delete

  18. proc sort data=test;
    by id score;
    run;

    data readin;
    set test;
    by id score;
    first_var=first.id;
    last_var=last.id;
    if (first_var=1 and last_var=1) or last_var=1;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  19. proc sort data=test;
    by id;
    run;

    data readin;
    set test;
    by id;
    if (first.id=1 and last.id=1) then output unique;
    if (last.id=1) then output second_dup;
    run
    proc print;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. "if (last.id=1) then output second_dup;" will give unique records as well.
      moreover if we have more than 2 records for for any ID then it will give last record for that and not the second record.
      So this will work only for those IDs which are having exactly 2 records only.
      It will be better if you can assign serial number by grouping on ID basis and then select value for that serial no=2 for 2nd observation.
      Please let me know if you are having any confusion at any point.

      Delete
  20. data readin1;
    set readin;
    by id;
    if first.id=1 and last.id=1 then serial=1;
    else serial+1 ;
    run;


    data readin2;
    set readin1;
    where serial=1 or serial=2;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  21. data aaa;
    set readin;
    by id;
    if first.id then n=1;
    else n+1;
    if not (first.id and last.id) and n<=2;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  22. data unique (drop =N) second (drop =N);
    set readin;

    by id;
    retain N;
    if first.id =1 and last.id =1 then output unique ;
    if first.id then N= 1;
    else N= N+1;
    if N =2 then output second;

    run;

    ReplyDelete
  23. PROC SORT DATA=READIN;
    BY ID;
    RUN;
    DATA TEMP;
    SET READIN;
    BY ID;
    IF FIRST.ID=1 AND LAST.ID=1 THEN OUTPUT TEMP;
    ELSE IF MOD(_N_,2)=0 THEN OUTPUT TEMP;
    RUN;
    PROC PRINT;
    RUN;

    ReplyDelete
  24. Hi All, With refer to below dataset, Can anyone please assist me I want to have all those Empid's who have done more then 5 Transactions

    data temp;
    input EMPID Expenses;
    CARDS;
    101 200
    102 300
    103 200
    104 500
    105 600
    101 450
    102 600
    101 400
    101 200
    101 700
    102 600
    101 800
    101 500
    102 900
    101 500
    102 600
    102 800
    102 600
    102 900
    102 700
    102 600
    102 600
    103 800
    ;

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. someone please try to give solution for this query.

      Delete
    2. proc sort data =temp;
      by EMPID;
      data test;
      set temp;
      by EMPID ;
      if first.EMPID=1 then N=1;
      else N+1;
      run;

      Data Final(Keep=EMPID);
      set test;
      where N>=5;
      run;

      Delete
    3. data temp;
      input EMPID Expenses;
      CARDS;
      101 200
      102 300
      103 200
      104 500
      105 600
      101 450
      102 600
      101 400
      101 200
      101 700
      102 600
      101 800
      101 500
      102 900
      101 500
      102 600
      102 800
      102 600
      102 900
      102 700
      102 600
      102 600
      103 800
      ;run;
      proc sort data=temp out=ani;by EMPID;run;
      data akshay;
      set ani;
      by EMPID;
      if first.EMPID=1 then Transactions=1;
      else Transactions+1;
      if Transactions gt 5;
      if last.EMPID;
      run;

      Delete
    4. proc sort data = temp;
      by EMPID;
      run;
      data outdata;
      set temp;
      if first.empid= 1 then query = 1 ;
      else query +1 ;
      if last.empid ;
      run;
      data final ;
      set outdata ;
      where query gt 5 ;
      run;


      Delete
  25. Anyone please help me out with the above scenario its really urgent.Thanks in advance

    ReplyDelete
  26. how to give the serial number to the dates by patients wise ....

    Pt Date want in Days or want as serial
    43 10/9/2018 DAY 1 1
    43 10/10/2018 DAY 2 2
    43 10/11/2018 DAY 3 3
    43 10/12/2018 DAY 4 4
    43 10/13/2018 DAY 5 5
    43 10/15/2018 DAY 7 7
    44 10/9/2018 DAY 1 1
    44 10/11/2018 DAY 3 3
    45 10/9/2018 DAY 1 1
    45 10/10/2018 DAY 2 2
    45 10/12/2018 DAY 4 4

    ReplyDelete
  27. given like this ,,...
    Pt Date
    43 10/9/2018
    43 10/10/2018
    43 10/11/2018
    43 10/12/2018
    43 10/13/2018
    43 10/15/2018
    44 10/9/2018
    44 10/11/2018
    45 10/9/2018
    45 10/10/2018
    45 10/12/2018

    ReplyDelete
  28. and convert as the
    Pt want in Days or want as serial
    43 DAY 1 1
    43 DAY 2 2
    43 DAY 3 3
    43 DAY 4 4
    43 DAY 5 5
    43 DAY 7 7
    44 DAY 1 1
    44 DAY 3 3
    45 DAY 1 1
    45 DAY 2 2
    45 DAY 4 4
    in SAS

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. data akshay;
      input
      id date:anydtdte10. day$ &;
      format date:mmddyy8.;
      cards;
      43 10/09/2018 DAY 1
      43 10/10/2018 DAY 2
      43 10/11/2018 DAY 3
      43 10/12/2018 DAY 4
      43 10/13/2018 DAY 5
      43 10/15/2018 DAY 7
      44 10/9/2018 DAY 1
      44 10/11/2018 DAY 3
      45 10/9/2018 DAY 1
      45 10/10/2018 DAY 2
      45 10/12/2018 DAY 4
      ;run;

      proc sort data=akshay;by id;run;

      data final;
      set akshay;
      by id;
      if first.id=1 then serial_no=1;
      else serial_no+1;
      run;

      Delete
  29. proc sort data= readin;
    by id;
    run;

    data unique duplicate;
    set readin;
    if first.id=1 and last.id=1 then output unique;
    else output duplicate;
    run;

    proc sort data= duplicate;
    by id;
    run;

    data duplicate;
    set duplicate;
    by id;
    if first.id;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  30. If we want to select every third observations from a group then how we can get this. Note: we can't sort this because we don't want every third after sorting we want the third one from every group as it is.

    ReplyDelete
  31. PROC SORT DATA=READIN OUT=READ1;
    BY ID ; RUN;
    DATA READ2;
    SET READ1;
    BY ID;
    IF (FIRST.ID=0 AND LAST.ID=1) OR (FIRST.ID=1 AND LAST.ID=1);
    RUN;

    ReplyDelete
  32. PROC SORT DATA=READIN;
    BY ID;
    RUN;
    /*DATA UNIQUE SECOBS;*/
    DATA OBS;
    SET READIN;
    BY ID DESCENDING SCORE;
    /*IF FIRST.ID=1 AND LAST.ID=1 THEN OUTPUT UNIQUE;*/
    IF FIRST.ID=1 AND LAST.ID=1 THEN OUTPUT OBS;
    /*ELSE IF FIRST.ID=0 AND LAST.ID=1 THEN OUTPUT SECOBS;*/
    ELSE IF FIRST.ID=0 AND LAST.ID=1 THEN OUTPUT OBS;
    PROC PRINT;
    RUN;
    PROC PRINT DATA=UNIQUE;
    RUN;
    PROC PRINT DATA=SECOBS;
    RUN;

    ReplyDelete
  33. Hi need some help

    id var1 var2
    1 20 30
    1 40 50
    1 30 55
    2 22 45
    2 37 49
    3 79 36
    4 36 49
    4 68 78

    I need to find the mean of var1 and var2 individually for the same ID
    and fix it to the same ID variable

    for example for ID 1 var1=mean(20,40,30) var2=mean(30,50,55)
    and should show
    ID Var1 Var2
    1 30 45
    2 29.5 47
    .
    .
    .
    Thank you

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. data akshay;
      input
      id var1 var2;
      cards;
      1 20 30
      1 40 50
      1 30 55
      2 22 45
      2 37 49
      3 79 36
      4 36 49
      4 68 78
      ;
      run;

      proc sort data=akshay;by id;run;
      proc means data=akshay mean;
      by id;
      var var1 var2;
      output out=semifinal
      mean(var1)= var1
      mean(var2)=var2; ;
      run;
      data final;
      set semifinal;
      drop _TYPE_ _FREQ_;
      run;

      Delete
    2. data temp;
      input id var1 var2;
      cards;
      1 20 30
      1 40 50
      1 30 55
      2 22 45
      2 37 49
      3 79 36
      4 36 49
      4 68 78
      ;
      run;
      proc means data=temp mean ;
      class id;
      output out=temp1 (where=(_type_>0 and _stat_="MEAN")) ;
      run;
      data temp2;
      set temp1(keep= id var1 var2);
      run;

      Delete
  34. Data t;
    Input x$ y;
    A 5
    B 3
    C 4
    A 6
    B 9
    C 3
    ;
    Run;

    How to get out put
    Sum of
    A=
    B=
    C=

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. proc means data=t sum;
      class x;
      run;

      Delete

    2. Data t;
      Input x$ y;
      cards;

      A 5
      B 3
      C 4
      A 6
      B 9
      C 3
      ;
      Run;

      proc sort data = t ;
      by x;
      run;
      data final ;
      set t;
      by x;
      if first.x then sum= y ;
      else sum +y ;
      if last.x;
      keep x sum ;
      run;

      Delete
  35. Hi All, With refer to below dataset, Can anyone please assist me I want to have all those Empid's who have done more then 5 Transactions

    data temp;
    input EMPID Expenses;
    CARDS;
    101 200
    102 300
    103 200
    104 500
    105 600
    101 450
    102 600
    101 400
    101 200
    101 700
    102 600
    101 800
    101 500
    102 900
    101 500
    102 600
    102 800
    102 600
    102 900
    102 700
    102 600
    102 600
    103 800
    ;

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. PROC SORT DATA=temp;
      BY EMPID;
      RUN;

      DATA TEST;
      SET TEMP;
      BY EMPID;
      IF FIRST.EMPID THEN COUNT=0;
      COUNT+1;
      IF COUNT GT 5;
      IF LAST.EMPID;
      RUN;

      Delete
  36. SOLUTION OF 2ND QUERY:

    PROC SORT DATA =READIN;
    BY ID;
    RUN;

    DATA T1;
    SET READIN;
    BY ID;
    IF FIRST.ID = 1 AND LAST.ID =1 THEN STATUS='UNIQUE';
    IF FIRST.ID =0 AND LAST.ID =1 THEN STATUS= SCORE;
    RUN;







    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. hi,

      what if happens if first.id=1 and last.id=0, so we can write like this way , i say we could also write like this,

      if first.id=0 and last.id=1 or first.id=1 and last.id=0 then status='SCORE';

      CODE::

      data T1;
      set readin;
      by id;
      unique=first.id;
      duplicate=last.id;
      if first.id=0 and last.id=1 or first.id=1 and last.id=0 then status='SCORE';
      if first.id=1 and last.id=1 then status='unique';
      run;
      proc print data=T1;
      run;

      Delete
  37. proc sort data =readin out=test;
    by id Score;
    run;

    data test1 ;
    set test;
    by id ;
    if first.id then N=1;
    else N+1;
    if first.ID=1 and last.id=1 or N=2;
    drop N;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  38. data record;
    input id name $ score;
    cards;
    1 david 45
    1 david 74
    2 sam 45
    2 ram 54
    3 bane 87
    3 mary 92
    3 Bane 87
    4 Dane 23
    5 Jenny 87
    5 Ken 87
    6 Simran 63
    8 Priya 72
    ;
    run;
    /*Select unique observations plus second
    observation from duplicate observations of
    variable ID */


    proc sort data=record;
    by ID;
    run;

    data data2 data3;
    set record;
    by id;
    if (first.ID=1 or last.ID=1) then output data2;
    else output data3;
    run;








    ReplyDelete
  39. proc sort data=readin out=r_sorted;
    by id descending score;
    run;
    data unique_sec;
    set r_sorted;
    by id descending score;
    if first.id then n=1;
    else n+1;
    if first.id and last.id or n=2;
    drop n;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  40. data uniques duplicates;
    set readin;
    by id;
    if first.id = 1 and last.id=1 then output uniques;
    if first.id then n = 1;
    else n+1;
    if n = 2 then output duplicates;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
  41. Hello all,

    Data ADaM;
    Input visit$ visitnum paramcd$ aval;
    cards;
    v3 3 Hb 9
    v4 4 HR 67
    sc1 1 Hb 6
    sc2 2 Hb 8
    v2 2 HR 78
    v3 3 HR 85
    sr1 0 HR 70
    sr2 1 HR 69
    ;
    run;
    proc sort data=ADaM out=ADaM1;
    by paramcd visitnum;
    run;

    here i need to find the baseline values, baseline is avail first observation+second observation/2 is the baseline for every paramcd,

    Example: if paramcd Aval baseline
    HR 10
    HR 20 15 (10+20/2),
    even i have somany HR paramcds it should be baseline 15 for HR,
    HB 20
    HB 30 25
    even i have somany HB paramcds it should be baseline 25 for HR,

    Please can any one help on it.

    ReplyDelete
  42. how to create that ID variable with first. and last.?

    ReplyDelete
  43. proc sort data = readin;
    by id ;
    run;

    data unique second_observation;
    set readin;
    by id ;
    if first.id = 1 and last.id = 1 then output unique;
    if first.id = 0 and last.id = 1 then output second_observation;
    run;

    data mergea;
    merge unique second_observation;
    by id;
    run;

    ReplyDelete
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